Racat dhe speciet njerëzore - dallimet biologjike dhe artikuj të përafërt

49572 · 26.3.2007, 11:23

Citim:

Race differences in average IQ are largely genetic
Medical Research News, Published: Tuesday, 26-Apr-2005

A 60-page review of the scientific evidence, some based on state-of-the-art magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of brain size, has concluded that race differences in average IQ are largely genetic.

The lead article in the June 2005 issue of Psychology, Public Policy and Law, a journal of the American Psychological Association, examined 10 categories of research evidence from around the world to contrast "a hereditarian model (50% genetic-50% cultural) and a culture-only model (0% genetic-100% cultural)."

The paper, "Thirty Years of Research on Race Differences in Cognitive Ability," by J. Philippe Rushton of the University of Western Ontario and Arthur R. Jensen of the University of California at Berkeley, appeared with a positive commentary by Linda Gottfredson of the University of Delaware, three critical ones (by Robert Sternberg of Yale University, Richard Nisbett of the University of Michigan, and Lisa Suzuki & Joshua Aronson of New York University), and the authors' reply.

"Neither the existence nor the size of race differences in IQ are a matter of dispute, only their cause," write the authors. The Black-White difference has been found consistently from the time of the massive World War I Army testing of 90 years ago to a massive study of over 6 million corporate, military, and higher-education test-takers in 2001.

"Race differences show up by 3 years of age, even after matching on maternal education and other variables," said Rushton. "Therefore they cannot be due to poor education since this has not yet begun to exert an effect. That's why Jensen and I looked at the genetic hypothesis in detail. We examined 10 categories of evidence."

1. The Worldwide Pattern of IQ Scores. East Asians average higher on IQ tests than Whites, both in the U. S. and in Asia, even though IQ tests were developed for use in the Euro-American culture. Around the world, the average IQ for East Asians centers around 106; for Whites, about 100; and for Blacks about 85 in the U.S. and 70 in sub-Saharan Africa.
2. Race Differences are Most Pronounced on Tests that Best Measure the General Intelligence Factor (g). Black-White differences, for example, are larger on the Backward Digit Span test than on the less g loaded Forward Digit Span test.
3. The Gene-Environment Architecture of IQ is the Same in all Races, and Race Differences are Most Pronounced on More Heritable Abilities. Studies of Black, White, and East Asian twins, for example, show the heritability of IQ is 50% or higher in all races.
4. Brain Size Differences. Studies using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) find a correlation of brain size with IQ of about 0.40. Larger brains contain more neurons and synapses and process information faster. Race differences in brain size are present at birth. By adulthood, East Asians average 1 cubic inch more cranial capacity than Whites who average 5 cubic inches more than Blacks.
5. Trans-Racial Adoption Studies. Race differences in IQ remain following adoption by White middle class parents. East Asians grow to average higher IQs than Whites while Blacks score lower. The Minnesota Trans-Racial Adoption Study followed children to age 17 and found race differences were even greater than at age 7: White children, 106; Mixed-Race children, 99; and Black children, 89.
6. Racial Admixture Studies. Black children with lighter skin, for example, average higher IQ scores. In South Africa, the IQ of the mixed-race "Colored" population averages 85, intermediate to the African 70 and White 100.
7. IQ Scores of Blacks and Whites Regress toward the Averages of Their Race. Parents pass on only some exceptional genes to offspring so parents with very high IQs tend to have more average children. Black and White children with parents of IQ 115 move to different averages--Blacks toward 85 and Whites to 100.
8. Race Differences in Other "Life-History" Traits. East Asians and Blacks consistently fall at two ends of a continuum with Whites intermediate on 60 measures of maturation, personality, reproduction, and social organization. For example, Black children sit, crawl, walk, and put on their clothes earlier than Whites or East Asians.
9. Race Differences and the Out-of-Africa theory of Human Origins. East Asian-White-Black differences fit the theory that modern humans arose in Africa about 100,000 years ago and expanded northward. During prolonged winters there was evolutionary selection for higher IQ created by problems of raising children, gathering and storing food, gaining shelter, and making clothes.
10. Do Culture-Only Theories Explain the Data? Culture-only theories do not explain the highly consistent pattern of race differences in IQ, especially the East Asian data. No interventions such as ending segregation, introducing school busing, or "Head Start" programs have reduced the gaps as culture-only theory would predict.

In their article, Rushton and Jensen also address some of the policy issues that stem from their conclusions. Their main recommendation is that people be treated as individuals, not as members of groups. They emphasized that their paper pertains only to average differences. They also called for the need to accurately inform the public about the true nature of individual and group differences, genetics and evolutionary biology.

Rushton and Jensen are well-known for research on racial differences in intelligence. Jensen hypothesized a genetic basis for Black-White IQ differences in his 1969 Harvard Educational Review article. His later books Bias in Mental Tests (1980) and The g Factor (1998), as well as Rushton's (1995) Race, Evolution, and Behavior, show that tests are not biased against English speaking minorities and that Black-White-East Asian differences in brain size and IQ belong in an evolutionary framework.

http://www.charlesdarwinresearch.org/

http://www.news-medical.net/?id=9530

49572 · 26.3.2007, 11:49

Citim:

US approves first 'ethnic drug'
BBC News / Last Updated: Friday, 24 June, 2005, 15:00 GMT 16:00 UK

African Americans are twice as likely
to develop heart failure than whites

US drugs regulators have approved a heart failure drug specifically for treating black patients.

The Food and Drug Administration gave BiDil the go-ahead after tests found it cut by 43% deaths in heart patients who identified themselves as black.

The FDA says the drug is a step towards the promise of tailored medicine.

But critics say there are no biological differences between ethnic groups and the move is more about making money than helping patients.

Trial halted early

BiDil was not designed with the specific aim of treating to treat black people, but early clinical trials involving a multi-racial group of patients found that while it benefited the black patients, it had little impact on the others.

In 2004 a new trial was conducted on 1,050 black-heart failure patients.

It proved so successful that it was halted ahead of time to ensure that those patients being administered placebos would also have the chance to switch to BiDil.

The study showed a 43% drop in deaths and a 39% decrease in hospitalisations compared with the placebo.

"The information presented to the FDA clearly showed that blacks suffering from heart failure will now have an additional safe and effective option for treating their condition," Dr Robert Temple, the agency's associate director of medical policy, said.

"In the future, we hope to discover characteristics that identify people of any race who might be helped by BiDil," he added.

New weapon

The decision to approve BiDil has been praised by The National Medical Association, a group campaigning to dispel inequalities in the healthcare given to black people versus white people, and to promote the interests of black medical staff.

"It is our hope that BiDil will be brought to market as quickly as possible to enhance its lifesaving impact. Any day of delay represents an unacceptable missed opportunity to save lives," the group's president, Dr Winston Price, said.

BiDil's approval is made even more significant because black heart patients are known have a poorer response to beta-blockers and Ace inhibitors, both of which are used to treat heart disease.

Patent controversy

However, some doctors and ethicists have objected to the licensing of BiDil saying there is no biological reason why it should work differently on patients of different races.

"This approval of BiDil isn't about personalising medicine. It's about exploiting race to make money by extending patent protection," Jonathan Kahn, a law professor and ethicist at Hamline University in Minnesota who has studied BiDil's development told Reuters.

The patent for BiDil for general use is due to expire in 2007, but the FDA's approval for its use on black people will extend until 2020.

In the US, African Americans are twice as likely to develop heart failure than white people.

About 750,000 African Americans have been diagnosed with heart failure.

Half of heart failure patients in the US die within five years of the condition being identified.

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/4618749.stm

49572 · 26.3.2007, 11:55

Citim:

Ethnic risk for disease
BBC News / Wednesday, July 22, 1998 Published at 12:36 GMT 13:36 UK

Black and Mexican women in the United States are at greater risk of getting cardiovascular disease (CVD) than white women, even poor ones, according to new research.

Stanford University researchers were testing the hypothesis that socio-economic status (SES), measured principally by the education level attained, would be the key factor in determining which women developed disease of the cardiovascular system, including the heart.

They found that status did have an effect, but it did not explain the significant differences between white women and both black and Mexican-American women in determining CVD risk.

Risk variation

The study looked at 5,266 women.

It suggests that ethnic variations in CVD risk - as measured by blood pressure, body mass index, physical inactivity, cholesterol levels, and diabetes rates - may be genetically based.

The authors say there are large differences in CVD risk factors by SES, a finding they believe illustrates the high-risk status of both ethnic minority women as well as white women with low SES.

Global problem

The authors explain: "Our findings are especially relevant in light of the global rise of CVD and other chronic diseases that are influenced by increasing prevalences of hypertension, cigarette smoking, hypercholesterolemia, obesity, physical inactivity and diabetes.

"The striking differences by both ethnicity and SES underscore the critical need to improve screening, early detection, and treatment of CVD-related conditions for black and Mexican American women, as well as for women of lower SES in all ethnic groups," they say.

Heart disease accounts for 500,000 deaths among US women annually.

The study is published in the Journal of the American Medical Association.

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/137299.stm

49572 · 26.3.2007, 12:04

Në lidhje me Bidilin më pëlqen ky shkrimi me titull "Are race-specific drugs unethical? With BiDil on the market, experts weigh the moral implications". Tregon se ç'ndodh në një vend ku dogma politike nuk të lejon t'i thuash zezakut zezak dhe të bardhit të bardhë, jo se ka lidhje me realitetin, po "s'duhet" se "është keq"... për biznesin. Derisa del ndonjë ilaç i tillë që është "mirë" për biznesin dhe atëherë krijohen "dilema morale" se realiteti bie pak si ndesh me dogmën. Tepër komike.

http://www.bidil.com/

49572 · 26.3.2007, 12:13

Citim:

Genetic Find Stirs Debate on Race-Based Medicine
By NICHOLAS WADE / Published: November 11, 2005

In a finding that is likely to sharpen discussion about the merits of race-based medicine, an Icelandic company says it has detected a version of a gene that raises the risk of heart attack in African-Americans by more than 250 percent.

The company, DeCode Genetics, first found the variant gene among Icelanders and then looked for it in three American populations, in Philadelphia, Cleveland and Atlanta.

Among Americans of European ancestry, the variant is quite common, but it causes only a small increase in risk, about 16 percent.

The opposite is true among African-Americans. Only 6 percent of African-Americans have inherited the variant gene, but they are 3.5 times as likely to suffer a heart attack as those who carry the normal version of the gene, a team of DeCode scientists led by Dr. Anna Helgadottir reported in an article released online yesterday by Nature Genetics.

Dr. Kari Stefansson, the company's chief executive, said he would consult with the Association of Black Cardiologists and others as to whether to test a new heart attack drug specifically in a population of African-Americans.

The drug, known now as DG031, inhibits a different but closely related gene and is about to be put into Phase 3 trials, the last stage before a maker seeks the Food and Drug Administration's approval.

Last year a drug called BiDil evoked mixed reactions after it was shown to sharply reduce heart attacks among African-Americans, first in a general study and then in a targeted study, after it failed to show efficacy in the general population. The drug, invented by Dr. Jay N. Cohn, a cardiologist at the University of Minnesota, prompted objections that race-based medicine was the wrong approach.

Geneticists agree that the medically important issue is not race itself but the genes that predispose a person to disease. But it may often be useful for physicians to take race into account because the predisposing genes for many diseases follow racial patterns.

The new variant found by DeCode Genetics is a more active version of a gene that helps govern the body's inflammatory response to infection. Called leukotriene A4 hydrolase, the gene is involved in the synthesis of leukotrienes, agents that maintain a state of inflammation.

Dr. Stefansson said he believed that the more active version of this gene might have risen to prominence in Europeans and Asians because it conferred extra protection against infectious disease.

Along with the protection would have come a higher risk of heart attack because plaques that build up in the walls of the arteries could become inflamed and rupture. But because the active version of the gene started to be favored long ago, Europeans and Asians have had time to develop genetic changes that offset the extra risk of heart attack.

The active version of the inflammatory gene would have passed from Europeans into African-Americans only a few generations ago, too short a time for development of genes that protect against heart attack, Dr. Stefansson suggested.

The DG031 drug being tested by DeCode Genetics affects a second gene, but one that is also involved in control of leukotrienes. Because the drug reduces leukotriene levels and inflammation, it may help African-Americans who have the variant of the hydrolase gene. "It would make scientific, economic and particularly political sense to have a significant part of the clinical trials done in an African-American population," Dr. Stefansson said.

http://www.nytimes.com/2005/11/11/he...rssnyt&emc=rss

49572 · 26.3.2007, 12:22

Citim:

The new science of race
Posted AT 2:28 AM EDT on 18/06/05 / CAROLYN ABRAHAM
From Saturday's Globe and Mail

Henry Harpending is about to titillate the world’s conspiracy theorists with one of the most politically incorrect academic papers of the new millennium.

http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servl...BNStory/Front/

Shkarkoje të plotë: The new science of race.txt

49572 · 26.3.2007, 12:58

Citim:

Fossil challenge to Africa theory
BBC News / Tuesday, 9 January, 2001, 16:35 GMT

Bone fragments were examined for ancient DNA

Australian scientists say analysis of the oldest DNA ever taken from skeletal remains challenges the theory that all modern humans can trace their recent ancestry to Africa.

The study is based on the 60,000-year-old so-called Mungo Man skeleton, which was unearthed in New South Wales in 1974, and nine other anatomically modern Australian individuals who lived 8-15,000 years ago.

The Australian National University team looked at the DNA found in the mitochondria of these ancient people's cells. mtDNA, as it is known, is inherited only from females and also mutates - errors appear - at a steady rate, meaning it can be used as a "molecular clock" to investigate human history.

Recent lab studies of this type have suggested that our most recent common ancestor lived less than 200,000 years ago in Africa.

But the Australian researchers contend that the DNA sequences isolated from Mungo Man's bones show him to have a genetic lineage that is both older and distinct from this line.

Given the undoubted modern appearance of Mungo Man, they argue, major doubt must now be cast on the so-called "Out of Africa" hypothesis in which all living people are said to be descended from a group of modern humans who left their African homeland no earlier than about 120,000 years ago.

Alternative explanation

"What our evidence shows is that the situation is much more complicated than any of these supporters of Out of Africa would have imagined," lead researcher Dr Alan Thorne said.

Dating has put the age of
the Mungo Man remains at
between 56,000 and
68,000 years

"They were arguing that because the earliest forms of this particular genetic sequence in living people was found in Africa, that meant that all people must have come from Africa.

"Well, logically, that's not true anymore because we now have an older form of indisputably modern human that comes out of Australia."

Dr Thorne, whose team have published their research in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, is a proponent of the alternative, multi-regional explanation for the emergence of modern humans.

This suggests that modern humans arose simultaneously in Africa, Europe and Asia from one of our predecessors, Homo erectus, who left Africa more that 1.5 million years ago.

"Modern humans didn't just come from one area, they came from all areas," Dr Thorne said. "We assert that when people began to leave Africa about two million years ago, they were the ancestors of all modern people and we don't think modern humanity emerged from one place later on.

European studies

"We simply say that here we have a form much older than anything found in Africa and there's no evidence that it, or the skeletal anatomy of the fossil that it comes from, ever had anything to do with Africa. In fact, the skeleton looks very much like slightly earlier fossils that we know were in China."

Dr Alan Thorne supports
the multi-regional
explanation for the
emergence of modern
humans

But Out of Africa supporters are not about to let go of their beliefs because of the Australian research. Professor Chris Stringer, from the Natural History Museum in London, UK, said that, given experience with European fossils, there was some doubt over whether DNA analysis of such old samples was reliable. And he said the research community would want to see the work repeated in other labs before major conclusions were drawn from the Australian research.

But even assuming the DNA sequences were correct, Professor Stringer said it could just mean that there was much more genetic diversity in the past than was previously realised.

"What it says is that some of that genetic diversity has been lost today," he told BBC News Online. "This sequence could have been in Australia and in Africa. In other words, it might have been in Africa 200,000 years ago, [it] came out with some of the African people and then got lost.

"There is no evidence here that the ancestry of these Australian fossils goes back a million or two million years, which is the multi-regional prediction."

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/1108413.stm

49572 · 27.3.2007, 20:37

Citim:

Racial groupings match genetic profiles - Stanford study finds
1/27/05 News Release

STANFORD - Checking a box next to a racial/ethnic category gives several pieces of information about people - the continent where their ancestors were born, the possible color of their skin and perhaps something about their risk of different diseases. But a new study by researchers at the Stanford University School of Medicine finds that the checked box also says something about a person's genetic background.

This work comes on the heels of several contradictory studies about the genetic basis of race. Some found that race is a social construct with no genetic basis while others suggested that clear genetic differences exist between people of different races.

What makes the current study, published in the February issue of the American Journal of Human Genetics, more conclusive is its size. The study is by far the largest, consisting of 3,636 people who all identified themselves as either white, African-American, East Asian or Hispanic. Of these, only five individuals had DNA that matched an ethnic group different than the box they checked at the beginning of the study. That's an error rate of 0.14 percent.

According to Neil Risch, PhD, a UCSF professor who led the study while he was professor of genetics at Stanford, the findings are particularly surprising given that people in both African-American and Hispanic ethnic groups often have a mixed background. "We might expect these individuals to cross several different genetic clusters," Risch said. This is especially true for Hispanics who are often a mix of Native American, white and African-American ancestry. But that's not what the study found. Instead, each self-identified racial/ethnic group clumped into the same genetic cluster.

The people in this research were all part of a study on the genetics of hypertension, recruited at 15 locations within the United States and in Taiwan. This broad distribution is important because it means that the results are representative of racial/ethnic groups throughout the United States rather than a small region that might not reflect the population nationwide.

For each person in the study, the researchers examined 326 DNA regions that tend to vary between people. These regions are not necessarily within genes, but are simply genetic signposts on chromosomes that come in a variety of different forms at the same location.

Without knowing how the participants had identified themselves, Risch and his team ran the results through a computer program that grouped individuals according to patterns of the 326 signposts. This analysis could have resulted in any number of different clusters, but only four clear groups turned up. And in each case the individuals within those clusters all fell within the same self-identified racial group.

"This shows that people's self-identified race/ethnicity is a nearly perfect indicator of their genetic background," Risch said.

When the team further analyzed each of the four clusters, they found two distinct sub-groups within the East Asian genetic cluster. These two groups correlated with people who identified themselves as Chinese and Japanese. None of the other genetic groups could be broken down into smaller sub-sections. This suggests that there isn't enough genetic difference to distinguish between people who have ancestry from northern Europe versus southern Europe, for example. Risch admitted that few people in this study were of recent mixed ancestry, who might not fall into such neat genetic categories.

This work could influence how medical research is carried out. Often researchers ask study participants to identify their race and ethnicity at the beginning of a clinical trial. The researchers can then follow people of different racial/ethnic groups to see which group is more likely to get a particular disease or respond well to a new treatment. This information can help future doctors know which patients may need additional disease screening or should receive one treatment over another.

But recently some researchers have moved to examining genetic differences between participants rather than relying on race and ethnicity. Their reasoning is that genetic differences may be a more precise tool for tracking groups of patients. Risch points out that this genetic analysis is costly. If people fall into the same groups using self-identified race as using genetics, then that could bring down the expanding cost of medical research.

Other Stanford researchers who participated in this work include Hua Tang, a graduate student now at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, and Tom Quertermous, MD, the William G. Irwin Professor in Cardiovascular Medicine.

# # #
Stanford University Medical Center integrates research, medical education and patient care at its three institutions - Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford Hospital & Clinics and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital at Stanford. For more information, please visit the Web site of the medical center's Office of Communication & Public Affairs at http://mednews.stanford.edu.
# # #

http://mednews.stanford.edu/releases...acial-data.htm

49572 · 17.4.2007, 19:42

Ky hyn te artikujt e përafërt.

Njerëzit dallojnë nga shimpanzeja në masën 1.23% në përbërjen e tyre gjenetike. Gjë që hedh poshtë një nga pseudoargumentet e dëgjuara rëndom këto kohët e fundit.

Citim:

Almost Human, and Sometimes Smarter

CHICAGO — Observed in the wild and tested in captivity, chimpanzees invite comparison with humans, their close relatives. They bear a family resemblance that fascinates people, and scientists see increasing evidence of similarities in chimp behavior and skills, making some of them think on the vagaries of evolution.

For some time, paleontologists and evolutionary biologists have known that chimp ancestors were the last line of today’s apes to diverge from the branch that led to humans, probably six million, maybe four million years ago. More recent examination shows that despite profound differences in the two species, just a 1.23 percent difference in their genes separates Homo sapiens from chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes.

And certain similarities between the two species, scientists say, go beyond expressive faces and opposable thumbs.

Chimps display a remarkable range of behavior and talent. They make and use simple tools, hunt in groups and engage in aggressive, violent acts. They are social creatures that appear to be capable of empathy, altruism, self-awareness, cooperation in problem solving and learning through example and experience. Chimps even outperform humans in some memory tasks.

“Fifty years ago, we knew next to nothing about chimpanzees,” said Andrew Whiten, an evolutionary psychologist at the University of St. Andrews in Scotland. “You could not have predicted the richness and complexity of chimp culture that we know now.”

Jane Goodall, a young English woman working in Africa in the 1960s, began changing perceptions. At first, experts disputed her reports of chimps’ using tools and social behavior. The experts especially objected to her references to chimp culture. Just humans, they insisted, had “culture.”

“Jane suffered early rejection by the establishment,” Richard Wrangham, a Harvard anthropologist, said. “Now, the people who say chimpanzees don’t have emotions and culture are the ones rejected.”

The new consensus framed discussions in March at a symposium, “The Mind of the Chimpanzee,” at the Lincoln Park Zoo here. More than 300 primatologists and other scientists reviewed accumulating knowledge of chimps’ cognitive abilities.

...

http://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/17/sc...ce&oref=slogin

49572 · 24.4.2007, 13:21

Artikulli është interesant sepse tregon për specie rivale të homo-sapiensit. Vepron i njëjti mekanizëm që shpjegon evoluimin racor të gjallesave.

Citim:

Hobbit hominids lived the island life

Wed Apr 18, 6:43 AM ET

PARIS (AFP) - A tantalising piece of evidence has been added to the puzzle over so-called "hobbit" hominids found in a cave in a remote Indonesian island, whose discovery has ignited one of the fiercest rows in anthropology.

...

If true, it would mean that H. sapiens, who has been around for around 150,000-200,000 years, would have shared the planet with rival humans far more recently than thought.

And it implies that H. sapiens and H. floresiensis lived side by side on Flores for a while -- and, who knows, may even have interbred, which could have left "hobbit" genes in our DNA heritage.

...

http://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20070418...LrrCMks81FeQoB

Shqipe · 7.5.2007, 22:36

http://www.racialcompact.com/racesofhumanity.html

Sipas kësaj dallimi mes zezakëve dhe të bardhëve është rreth 10 herë më i vogël se dallimi mes njeriut dhe shimpanzës.

49572 · 8.5.2007, 17:58

Të dhënat e pasqyrës së atyshme janë të vjetra sepse në atë vit nuk ishte plotësuar ende harta gjenetike e njeriut, por duke parë të dhënat e fundit, kur flitet në rang 0.3 me 1.2, nuk ka më rëndësi sasia, por cilësia. Dallimet janë cilësore dhe argumenti sasior s'është fare. Dhe pikërisht ky argument është përdor si dogmë në pohimin egalitarist se meqënëse dallimet midis të bardhëve dhe zezakëve kanë qenë të rangut 0.3%, kjo gjoja tregon që s'ka raca njerëzore. Atëherë me 1.2% dallim dhe shimpanzeja i bie të jetë njeri... Gjithashtu në analizë sasie dhe ujqit me qentë kanë më pak dallim mes tyre sesa racat e ndryshme të qenve me njëra-tjetrën.

Artikulli që solle është i mirë si përmbledhës, por nuk kishte ndonjë lajm të ri, dhe e keqja është se vazhdon me dogmën tjetër të prejardhjes së të gjithë njerëzve nga Afrika. Problemi është se kjo "prejardhja nga Afrika" ndërsehet nga mitologët e kopshteve me mollë kundër fakteve të papëlqyeshme që kanë dalë e dalin këtu e shumë kohë përpara... Por induksioni në shkencë dëmton rëndë shëndetin dhe e bën dhe shkencën pak si fe...

Shqipe · 8.5.2007, 23:31

A jeton akoma njeriu Homo Floresiensis ?

Si njerëzit e vecërr ashtu edhe elefantët xhuxhë del të jenë shfarosur në pothuajse të njëjtën kohë si pasojë e një teptisjeje të madhe vullkanike para rreth 12 000 vjetësh. Me sa duket zjarri dhe hiri kanë zhbirë mjetet e jetesës së popullit të xhuxhave. Prapëseprapë kallëzojnë banorët e Flores'ës në gojëdhënat e tyre për qenie të pazakonshme e të vogla, të cilat paskan jetuar në këtë ishull deri para dy- ose treqind vjetësh. Ata njihen atje si "Ebu Gogo", që e përkthyer fjalë për fjalë do të thotë "gjyshet, që hajnë gjithçka". Ato përshkruhen si xhuxhe leshatore, që janë rreth 1 meter të gjata, jetojnë në shpella dhe që flasin në mënyrë murmuritëse me njëra-tjetrën. Dhe që kishin për veti të pakëndshme t'u vidhnin fshehurazi ushqimin banorëve trupmëdhenj të ishullit.

http://www.rruzull.net/modules.php?n...rticle&sid=559

49572 · 23.10.2007, 19:02

Diçka për inteligjencën mes racave nga Xhejms Uotson, një nga zbuluesit e ADN-së që ka qenë në lajme këto kohët e fundit nëpër mediat evropiane e majtas për pohimet e tij se zezakët kanë inteligjencë inferiore në krahasim me të bardhët. Kërkoni dhe artikuj të tjerë se reagimet e proletarëve janë për t'u shkly gazit.

Citim:

DNA scientist suspended from top lab after claiming 'white people are more intelligent than blacks'

Dr James Watson, the controversial DNA pioneer who sparked a race row over his belief that Africans are 'genetically inferior' has defended his position despite apologising for causing offence.

In a recent interview the Novel prize winner appeared to suggest that Africans were less intelligent than whites. But after his remarks caused a furious backlash he said there was "no scientific basis" for believing that Africa was "genetically inferior".

However, today he attempted to justify his theory that there is a genetic basis behind differences in IQ.

"I have never been one to shy away from stating what I believe to be the truth," he told a newspaper. Admitting, "this has, at times, got me in hot water."

Although he does not refer directly to race, Dr Watson did again invoke the idea of Darwinian natural selection leading to differences in ability between people from different regions of the world.

"The overwhelming desire of society today is to assume that equal powers of reason are a universal heritage of humanity," he told The Independent.

"It may well be. But simply wanting this to be the case is not enough. This is not science. To question this is not to give in to racism."

Dr Watson's earlier apology followed a newspaper interview in which he is quoted as saying he is "gloomy about the prospect of Africa" because "all our social policies are based on the fact that their intelligence is the same as ours – whereas all the testing says not really".

In the interview, he said he hoped everyone was equal, but added: "People who have to deal with black employees find this not true."

In response to the interview, the Science Museum cancelled a talk due to be given by Dr Watson tonight, accusing him of going "beyond the point of acceptable debate".

British scientists said the decision to ban his talk as "outrageous" and smacked of political correctness.

Other universities and scientific institutes where Dr Watson is due to appear over the next week on a book tour, are reviewing whether to go ahead with their events....

http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/liv...n_page_id=1770

49572 · 5.11.2007, 04:14

Këta më poshtë nuk i përjashtojnë nga puna si Uotsonin më lart. Interesante të shihet se si për redaksinë e shkretë "ethnic" është më e pangarkuar se "racial"... Nomenklatura e partisë...

Citim:

Ethnic Differences In Sleep Quality And Blood Pressure

ScienceDaily (Oct. 30, 2007) — In the United States, African Americans have higher blood pressure and are at greater risk of hypertension than whites. In addition, African Americans report poorer sleep quality and exhibit a smaller nighttime decrease in blood pressure than whites, a phenomenon called blood pressure “dipping.”

“This ethnic difference in blood pressure dipping may help explain why African Americans are at greater risk of hypertension,” says Dr. Joel Hughes, Kent State assistant professor of psychology, “as a smaller dip in nighttime blood pressure has been associated with increased left ventricular mass and wall thickness in the heart.”

In the American Journal of Hypertension, Hughes and his colleagues examine the possibility that sleep quality may help account for ethnic differences in blood pressure dipping.

They found that African-American college students, compared to whites, spent less time in bed, slept for a shorter period of time and took longer to fall asleep. Thus, ethnic differences in sleep quality seemed to accompany ethnic differences in blood pressure dipping; however, it was not shown that these differences in sleep quality caused ethnic differences in nighttime blood pressure.

“Obviously, more research is needed,” says Hughes. “There are too few studies of ethnic differences in sleep, and the importance of sleep for health is becoming increasingly recognized.”

Adapted from materials provided by Kent State University.

http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases...1029083857.htm

49572 · 3.12.2007, 18:05

Citim:

DNA reveals Neanderthal redheads
November 1, 2007

Ancient DNA retrieved from the bones of two Neanderthals suggests that at least some of them had red hair and pale skin, scientists report this week in the journal Science.

Emri: neandertal-flokekuq.jpg
Shikimet: 513
Madhësia: 22,3 KB

Emri: neandertal-flokekuq.jpg
Shikimet: 513
Madhësia: 22,3 KB

http://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/...9-redhead.html

Shkrimi është interesant sepse tregon dhe se si mund të zhvillohen veçori të ndryshme brenda një popullate, vetëm nëpërmjet ndryshimeve gjenetike (në varësi të mjedisit, ushqimit). Përfytyroni nëse krejt neandertalët flokëkuq, pra me të njëjtën shmangie gjenetike, do të ishin izoluar/ndarë nga pjesa tjetër e popullatës dhe shumuar vetëm mes veti.

Kjo shpjegon disi dhe pse dhe brenda një race siç është ajo dinarike, mund të ketë individë flokëgështenjë apo flokëverdhë dhe kjo dysi të mos ketë pikë lidhjeje me zbritje e ngjitje të hamendësuara popullsish të jashtme.

Shqipe · 3.12.2007, 19:37

Të mohosh ndryshimet e ngjyrës së flokëve brenda një race, është si t'a mohosh evolucionin në tërësi, kur dimë se evolucioni është prezent edhe sot, varësisht nga speciet ku më shumë ku më pak.

Julius · 15.8.2008, 10:18

Dmth unë që kam në fis flokëkuq, paskam gene neandertali. Uau!!

Shqipe · 16.8.2008, 21:10

Mendimi së fundmi është që albinizmi është karakteristikë e grupimit euro-afrikan, gjë që më duket se nuk e kanë mongolët.

Raste albinizmi janë vërejtur shumë herë në Afrikën ekuatoriale, ku dy prindër zezakë kanë lindur fëmijë me flokë të bardhë lëkurë të bardhë e sy të kaltër.

Sa më në jug më pak këso raste, sa më në veri më shumë këso raste.

Në këtë mënyrë mund të shpjegohet, dyngjyrësia e racës shqiptare, që jeton në një klimë mes asaj euro-veriore dhe asaj afrikane, e gjithashtu ka disa lloj klimash, duke fillu nga bregdeti me klimë mjaft të nxehtë e deri te malet e larta, që kanë klimë të ngjashme me Alpet ose me Europën veriore.

26.3.2007, 11:21	#1
49572 Anëtarësuar: 8.2006	Racat dhe speciet njerëzore - dallimet biologjike dhe artikuj të përafërt ...

7.5.2007, 22:36	#12
Shqipe dykrenshe Anëtarësuar: 8.2006 Vendndodhja: Në breshta, mes bredhave,	Afërsia gjenetike mes popujve të botës http://www.racialcompact.com/racesofhumanity.html Sipas kësaj dallimi mes zezakëve dhe të bardhëve është rreth 10 herë më i vogël se dallimi mes njeriut dhe shimpanzës. Bashkëngjitur

8.5.2007, 23:31	#14
Shqipe dykrenshe Anëtarësuar: 8.2006 Vendndodhja: Në breshta, mes bredhave,	Rreth specieve tjera të njeriut A jeton akoma njeriu Homo Floresiensis ? Si njerëzit e vecërr ashtu edhe elefantët xhuxhë del të jenë shfarosur në pothuajse të njëjtën kohë si pasojë e një teptisjeje të madhe vullkanike para rreth 12 000 vjetësh. Me sa duket zjarri dhe hiri kanë zhbirë mjetet e jetesës së popullit të xhuxhave. Prapëseprapë kallëzojnë banorët e Flores'ës në gojëdhënat e tyre për qenie të pazakonshme e të vogla, të cilat paskan jetuar në këtë ishull deri para dy- ose treqind vjetësh. Ata njihen atje si "Ebu Gogo", që e përkthyer fjalë për fjalë do të thotë "gjyshet, që hajnë gjithçka". Ato përshkruhen si xhuxhe leshatore, që janë rreth 1 meter të gjata, jetojnë në shpella dhe që flasin në mënyrë murmuritëse me njëra-tjetrën. Dhe që kishin për veti të pakëndshme t'u vidhnin fshehurazi ushqimin banorëve trupmëdhenj të ishullit. http://www.rruzull.net/modules.php?n...rticle&sid=559

Përdorimi i çështjes
Shfaq pamjen për shtyp Dërgoje faqen me postë
Paraqitja
Vijore E ndërthurur E shkallëzuar

Racat dhe speciet njerëzore - dallimet biologjike dhe artikuj të përafërt

Racat dhe speciet njerëzore - dallimet biologjike dhe artikuj të përafërt

Specie shkurtabiqësh në Indonezi

Afërsia gjenetike mes popujve të botës

Rreth specieve tjera të njeriut

Dallime racore në cilësinë e gjumit dhe tensionin e gjakut

Neandertalë kuqo

26.3.2007, 12:04	#5
49572 Anëtarësuar: 8.2006	Në lidhje me Bidilin më pëlqen ky shkrimi me titull "Are race-specific drugs unethical? With BiDil on the market, experts weigh the moral implications". Tregon se ç'ndodh në një vend ku dogma politike nuk të lejon t'i thuash zezakut zezak dhe të bardhit të bardhë, jo se ka lidhje me realitetin, po "s'duhet" se "është keq"... për biznesin. Derisa del ndonjë ilaç i tillë që është "mirë" për biznesin dhe atëherë krijohen "dilema morale" se realiteti bie pak si ndesh me dogmën. Tepër komike. http://www.bidil.com/

8.5.2007, 17:58	#13
49572 Anëtarësuar: 8.2006	Të dhënat e pasqyrës së atyshme janë të vjetra sepse në atë vit nuk ishte plotësuar ende harta gjenetike e njeriut, por duke parë të dhënat e fundit, kur flitet në rang 0.3 me 1.2, nuk ka më rëndësi sasia, por cilësia. Dallimet janë cilësore dhe argumenti sasior s'është fare. Dhe pikërisht ky argument është përdor si dogmë në pohimin egalitarist se meqënëse dallimet midis të bardhëve dhe zezakëve kanë qenë të rangut 0.3%, kjo gjoja tregon që s'ka raca njerëzore. Atëherë me 1.2% dallim dhe shimpanzeja i bie të jetë njeri... Gjithashtu në analizë sasie dhe ujqit me qentë kanë më pak dallim mes tyre sesa racat e ndryshme të qenve me njëra-tjetrën. Artikulli që solle është i mirë si përmbledhës, por nuk kishte ndonjë lajm të ri, dhe e keqja është se vazhdon me dogmën tjetër të prejardhjes së të gjithë njerëzve nga Afrika. Problemi është se kjo "prejardhja nga Afrika" ndërsehet nga mitologët e kopshteve me mollë kundër fakteve të papëlqyeshme që kanë dalë e dalin këtu e shumë kohë përpara... Por induksioni në shkencë dëmton rëndë shëndetin dhe e bën dhe shkencën pak si fe...

3.12.2007, 19:37	#18
Shqipe dykrenshe Anëtarësuar: 8.2006 Vendndodhja: Në breshta, mes bredhave,	Të mohosh ndryshimet e ngjyrës së flokëve brenda një race, është si t'a mohosh evolucionin në tërësi, kur dimë se evolucioni është prezent edhe sot, varësisht nga speciet ku më shumë ku më pak.

15.8.2008, 10:18	#19
Julius gjallar Anëtarësuar: 8.2007	Dmth unë që kam në fis flokëkuq, paskam gene neandertali. Uau!!

16.8.2008, 21:10	#20
Shqipe dykrenshe Anëtarësuar: 8.2006 Vendndodhja: Në breshta, mes bredhave,	Mendimi së fundmi është që albinizmi është karakteristikë e grupimit euro-afrikan, gjë që më duket se nuk e kanë mongolët. Raste albinizmi janë vërejtur shumë herë në Afrikën ekuatoriale, ku dy prindër zezakë kanë lindur fëmijë me flokë të bardhë lëkurë të bardhë e sy të kaltër. Sa më në jug më pak këso raste, sa më në veri më shumë këso raste. Në këtë mënyrë mund të shpjegohet, dyngjyrësia e racës shqiptare, që jeton në një klimë mes asaj euro-veriore dhe asaj afrikane, e gjithashtu ka disa lloj klimash, duke fillu nga bregdeti me klimë mjaft të nxehtë e deri te malet e larta, që kanë klimë të ngjashme me Alpet ose me Europën veriore.